Consensus
In early American Indian democracies, decisions were made by consensus of tribal members rather than by the process of majority rule. The consensus model of decision-making requires that all persons be treated with respect and given the time necessary to express their concerns and opinions. An issue is not considered final until all persons have spoken and can abide by the group’s decision. Today, many tribal governments and other American Indian organizations reflect this value. Basil Johnston includes this description of deliberations in Ojibway Ceremonies : “There was a heavy silence after Mishi-Waub-Kaikaik sat down. Not only were his fellow chiefs deferent to each other’s opinions, but they guarded their individual integrity. Moreover, the matter they had to discuss was both unfamiliar and weighty. Only after a long delay did the next speaker in the circle of chiefs and councilors rise to respond. For three days the chiefs sat in council, looking into the question from different angles. There was no debate. Instead, the speakers sought illumination through mutual inquiry. Spokesmen prefaced their words with remarks like: “I have yet another understanding…” And new interpretations were acknowledged with words such as: “Our brother has provided us with an idea…” or “The Great Spirit has given me to understand…” One by one, family by family, band by band, the visitors left the council. All promised to give the matter further consideration before the fall, when they would be summoned to treat with the White Man.” |